GORM 使用笔记

数据库:MySQL

编程语言:GO 数据库操作 连接

db,err :=gorm.Open("mysql","root:ms126127@(193.112.126.44:3306)/test?charset=utf8&parseTime=True")
    defer db.Close()

数据迁移

自动迁移模式将保持更新到最新。

警告:自动迁移仅仅会创建表,增加缺少的列和缺少的索引,并且不会改变现有列的类型或删除未使用的列以保护数据。(只增不减)

db.AutoMigrate(&User{})

db.AutoMigrate(&User{}, &Product{}, &Order{})

// 创建表时添加表后缀    我写了一个支持utf8编码的写法。
db.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1;").AutoMigrate(&User{})

检查表是否存在

// 检查模型`User`表是否存在
db.HasTable(&User{})

// 检查表`users`是否存在
db.HasTable("users")

创建表

db.CreateTable(&MyTable{})

db.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1;").CreateTable(&MyTable{})

删除表

// 删除模型`User`的表
db.DropTable(&User{})

// 删除表`users`
db.DropTable("users")

// 删除模型`User`的表和表`products`
db.DropTableIfExists(&User{}, "products")

//测试代码
    //db.CreateTable(&Table1{})         table1 被创建
    //db.CreateTable(&Table2{})         table2 被创建
    //db.CreateTable(&Table3{})         table3 被创建
    //db.DropTable(&MyTable{})          my_table 被删除
    //db.DropTableIfExists(&Table1{})   table1 被删除
    //db.DropTableIfExists(&Table2{},&Table4{}) table2 被删除
    //db.CreateTable(&Table4{})         table4 被创建
    //db.DropTableIfExists(&Table3{},&Table4{}) table3 和 table4 一起被删除

修改列

// 修改模型`User`的description列的数据类型为`text`
db.Model(&User{}).ModifyColumn("description", "text")

删除列

// 删除模型`User`的description列
db.Model(&User{}).DropColumn("description")

添加外键

// 添加外键
// 1st param : 外键字段
// 2nd param : 外键表(字段)
// 3rd param : ONDELETE
// 4th param : ONUPDATE
db.Model(&User{}).AddForeignKey("city_id", "cities(id)", "RESTRICT", "RESTRICT")

添加索引

// 为`name`列添加索引`idx_user_name`
db.Model(&User{}).AddIndex("idx_user_name", "name")

// 为`name`, `age`列添加索引`idx_user_name_age`
db.Model(&User{}).AddIndex("idx_user_name_age", "name", "age")

// 添加唯一索引
db.Model(&User{}).AddUniqueIndex("idx_user_name", "name")

// 为多列添加唯一索引
db.Model(&User{}).AddUniqueIndex("idx_user_name_age", "name", "age")

// 删除索引
db.Model(&User{}).RemoveIndex("idx_user_name")

模型定义 约定 gorm.Model结构体

// 基本模型的定义
type Model struct {
  ID        uint `gorm:"primary_key"`
  CreatedAt time.Time
  UpdatedAt time.Time
  DeletedAt *time.Time
}

// 添加字段 `ID`, `CreatedAt`, `UpdatedAt`, `DeletedAt`
type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
}

// 只需要字段 `ID`, `CreatedAt`
type User struct {
  ID        uint
  CreatedAt time.Time
  Name      string
}

表名是结构体名称的复数形式

type User struct {} // 默认表名是`users`

// 设置User的表名为`profiles`
func (User) TableName() string {
  return "profiles"
}

func (u User) TableName() string {
    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return "admin_users"
    } else {
        return "users"
    }
}

// 全局禁用表名复数
db.SingularTable(true) // 如果设置为true,`User`的默认表名为`user`,使用`TableName`设置的表名不受影响

更改默认表名

gorm.DefaultTableNameHandler = func (db *gorm.DB, defaultTableName string) string  {
    return "prefix_" + defaultTableName;
}

列名是字段名的蛇形小写

type User struct {
  ID uint             // 列名为 `id`
  Name string         // 列名为 `name`
  Birthday time.Time  // 列名为 `birthday`
  CreatedAt time.Time // 列名为 `created_at`
}

// 重设列名
type Animal struct {
    AnimalId    int64     `gorm:"column:beast_id"`         // 设置列名为`beast_id`
    Birthday    time.Time `gorm:"column:day_of_the_beast"` // 设置列名为`day_of_the_beast`
    Age         int64     `gorm:"column:age_of_the_beast"` // 设置列名为`age_of_the_beast`
}

字段ID为主键

type User struct {
  ID   uint  // 字段`ID`为默认主键
  Name string
}

// 使用tag`primary_key`用来设置主键
type Animal struct {
  AnimalId int64 `gorm:"primary_key"` // 设置AnimalId为主键
  Name     string
  Age      int64
}

字段CreatedAt用于存储记录的创建时间

db.Create(&user) // 将会设置`CreatedAt`为当前时间

// 要更改它的值, 你需要使用`Update`
db.Model(&user).Update("CreatedAt", time.Now())

字段UpdatedAt用于存储记录的修改时间

db.Save(&user) // 将会设置`UpdatedAt`为当前时间
db.Model(&user).Update("name", "jinzhu") // 将会设置`UpdatedAt`为当前时间

字段DeletedAt用于存储记录的删除时间,如果字段存在

删除具有DeletedAt字段的记录,它不会冲数据库中删除,但只将字段DeletedAt设置为当前时间,并在查询时无法找到记录. 关联 属于

// `User`属于`Profile`, `ProfileID`为外键
type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Profile   Profile
  ProfileID int
}

type Profile struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
}

db.Model(&user).Related(&profile)
//// SELECT * FROM profiles WHERE id = 111; // 111是user的外键ProfileID

指定外键

type Profile struct {
    gorm.Model
    Name string
}

type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    Profile      Profile `gorm:"ForeignKey:ProfileRefer"` // 使用ProfileRefer作为外键
    ProfileRefer int
}

指定外键和关联外键

type Profile struct {
    gorm.Model
    Refer string
    Name  string
}

type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    Profile   Profile `gorm:"ForeignKey:ProfileID;AssociationForeignKey:Refer"`
    ProfileID int
}

包含一个

// User 包含一个 CreditCard, UserID 为外键
type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    CreditCard   CreditCard
}

type CreditCard struct {
    gorm.Model
    UserID   uint
    Number   string
}

var card CreditCard
db.Model(&user).Related(&card, "CreditCard")
//// SELECT * FROM credit_cards WHERE user_id = 123; // 123 is user's primary key
// CreditCard是user的字段名称,这意味着获得user的CreditCard关系并将其填充到变量
// 如果字段名与变量的类型名相同,如上例所示,可以省略,如:
db.Model(&user).Related(&card)

包含多个

// User 包含多个 emails, UserID 为外键
type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    Emails   []Email
}

type Email struct {
    gorm.Model
    Email   string
    UserID  uint
}

db.Model(&user).Related(&emails)
//// SELECT * FROM emails WHERE user_id = 111; // 111 是 user 的主键

多对多

// User 包含并属于多个 languages, 使用 `user_languages` 表连接
type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    Languages         []Language `gorm:"many2many:user_languages;"`
}

type Language struct {
    gorm.Model
    Name string
}

db.Model(&user).Related(&languages, "Languages")
//// SELECT * FROM "languages" INNER JOIN "user_languages" ON "user_languages"."language_id" = "languages"."id" WHERE "user_languages"."user_id" = 111

多种包含

支持多种的包含一个和包含多个的关联

type Cat struct {
    Id    int
    Name  string
    Toy   Toy `gorm:"polymorphic:Owner;"`
}

type Dog struct {
    Id   int
    Name string
    Toy  Toy `gorm:"polymorphic:Owner;"`
}

type Toy struct {
    Id        int
    Name      string
    OwnerId   int
    OwnerType string
}

关联模式

// 开始关联模式
var user User
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages")
// `user`是源,它需要是一个有效的记录(包含主键)
// `Languages`是关系中源的字段名。
// 如果这些条件不匹配,将返回一个错误,检查它:
// db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Error


// Query - 查找所有相关关联
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Find(&languages)


// Append - 添加新的many2many, has_many关联, 会替换掉当前 has_one, belongs_to关联
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Append([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Append(Language{Name: "DE"})


// Delete - 删除源和传递的参数之间的关系,不会删除这些参数
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Delete([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Delete(languageZH, languageEN)


// Replace - 使用新的关联替换当前关联
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Replace([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Replace(Language{Name: "DE"}, languageEN)


// Count - 返回当前关联的计数
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Count()


// Clear - 删除源和当前关联之间的关系,不会删除这些关联
db.Model(&user).Association("Languages").Clear()

读写数据 创建 创建数据

user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}

db.NewRecord(user) // => 主键为空返回`true`   

db.Create(&user)

db.NewRecord(user) // => 创建`user`后返回`false`

//  NewRecord只检查主键,不创建记录

默认值

type Animal struct {
    ID   int64
    Name string `gorm:"default:'galeone'"`
    Age  int64
}

var animal = Animal{Age: 99, Name: ""}
db.Create(&animal)
// INSERT INTO animals("age") values('99');
// SELECT name from animals WHERE ID=111; // 返回主键为 111
// animal.Name => 'galeone'

在Callbacks中设置主键

func (user *User) BeforeCreate(scope *gorm.Scope) error {
  scope.SetColumn("ID", uuid.New())
  return nil
}

扩展创建选项

// 为Instert语句添加扩展SQL选项
db.Set("gorm:insert_option", "ON CONFLICT").Create(&product)
// INSERT INTO products (name, code) VALUES ("name", "code") ON CONFLICT;

查询

// 获取第一条记录,按主键排序
db.First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 获取最后一条记录,按主键排序
db.Last(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;

// 获取所有记录
db.Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;

// 使用主键获取记录
db.First(&user, 10)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

Where条件查询(简单SQL)

注意:当使用struct查询时,GORM将只查询那些具有值的字段

// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 LIMIT 1;

// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;

// 主键的Slice
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);

Not条件查询

db.Not("name", "jinzhu").First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" LIMIT 1;

// Not In
db.Not("name", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");

// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3);

db.Not([]int64{}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users;

// Plain SQL
db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT(name = "jinzhu");

// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu";

带内联条件的查询

注意:使用主键查询时,应仔细检查所传递的值是否为有效主键,以避免SQL注入

// 按主键获取
db.First(&user, 23)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 23 LIMIT 1;

// 简单SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;

// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

Or条件查询

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';

// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2';

// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)

查询链

Gorm有一个可链接的API,你可以这样使用它

db.Where("name <> ?","jinzhu").Where("age >= ? and role <> ?",20,"admin").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu' AND age >= 20 AND role <> 'admin';

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)

扩展查询选项

// 为Select语句添加扩展SQL选项
db.Set("gorm:query_option", "FOR UPDATE").First(&user, 10)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 FOR UPDATE;

FirstOrInit

获取第一个匹配的记录,或者使用给定的条件初始化一个新的记录(仅适用于struct,map条件)

// Unfound
db.FirstOrInit(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing"}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}
db.FirstOrInit(&user, map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu"})
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}

Attrs

如果未找到记录,则使用参数初始化结构

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs("age", 20).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu';
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}

Assign

将参数分配给结果,不管它是否被找到

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu';
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 30}

FirstOrCreate

获取第一个匹配的记录,或创建一个具有给定条件的新记录(仅适用于struct, map条件)

// Unfound
db.FirstOrCreate(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name) VALUES ("non_existing");
//// user -> User{Id: 112, Name: "non_existing"}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu"}

// 如果未找到记录,则为参数分配结构
// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name, age) VALUES ("non_existing", 20);
//// user -> User{Id: 112, Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrCreate(&a

1 thought on “GORM 使用笔记

  1. 说道:

    谢谢!学习了!

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